China Reaffirms Plans for World’s Largest Dam on Brahmaputra, Assures No Harm to Downstream Nationsions
On Monday, China reiterated its commitment to constructing the world’s largest dam over the Brahmaputra River, known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, near the Indian border. Chinese officials emphasized that the project, which is estimated to cost USD 137 billion, has undergone rigorous scientific assessments to ensure it poses no adverse effects on downstream nations, including India and Bangladesh.
Located in the ecologically sensitive Himalayan region, the project is being developed along a tectonic plate boundary that experiences frequent seismic activity. Addressing concerns during a media briefing, China’s Foreign Ministry spokesman Guo Jiakun stated that the hydropower project would not harm the ecological environment, geology, or water resources of downstream areas.
“On the contrary, the dam will contribute to disaster prevention, mitigation, and climate change response in the region,” Guo added. His remarks came in response to concerns raised by India, which were reportedly discussed during talks between Indian officials and U.S. National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan in Delhi.
Sullivan, currently on a visit to India, met with External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar to review the progress of the India-U.S. global strategic partnership over the past four years under President Biden’s administration. Sullivan’s visit comes two weeks ahead of Donald Trump’s inauguration as the 47th U.S. President.
India’s Concerns and Response
The proposed dam has drawn significant attention, particularly from India, which is a lower riparian state with established user rights over the Brahmaputra River. The dam is planned to be built at a massive gorge in Tibet, near the point where the river takes a dramatic U-turn to flow into Arunachal Pradesh and subsequently into Bangladesh.
India voiced its concerns in its first official reaction on January 3, urging China to ensure that the interests of downstream countries are safeguarded. External Affairs Ministry spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal emphasized the importance of transparency and consultation in cross-border river projects.
“As a lower riparian state with established user rights to the waters of the river, we have consistently conveyed our concerns through expert-level and diplomatic channels regarding mega projects on rivers in Chinese territory,” Jaiswal stated.
He further noted, “These concerns have been reiterated in light of recent developments, along with the need for transparency and consultation with downstream countries. We will continue to monitor the situation and take necessary measures to protect our interests.”
China’s Justification and Promises
Last month, China formally approved plans for the construction of the Yarlung Zangbo dam in Tibet, triggering alarm in India and Bangladesh. However, Chinese officials have consistently downplayed these concerns, asserting that the project will not negatively impact lower riparian states.
On December 27, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning defended the project, stating that its objectives are aligned with sustainable development and disaster management. “The dam aims to accelerate clean energy development and respond to climate change and extreme hydrological disasters,” she said.
Mao also assured that safety concerns have been addressed through decades of scientific research and evaluations. “The project will not harm downstream regions,” she added.
China has pledged to maintain communication with lower riparian countries through established channels and enhance cooperation on disaster prevention and relief measures. Mao emphasized that these efforts would ultimately benefit the people living along the river.
Strategic Implications
The dam’s construction holds strategic significance, as the Brahmaputra River is a vital water resource for India and Bangladesh. It serves as a lifeline for millions of people in the region, supporting agriculture, fisheries, and livelihoods. India has long been wary of China’s upstream activities, fearing potential disruptions to water flow and the ecological balance.
While China insists that the project will boost clean energy development and help mitigate climate change impacts, India and Bangladesh remain cautious about its long-term implications. The lack of a formal water-sharing agreement between the three countries adds to the complexity of the issue.
As construction plans advance, the situation underscores the need for regional cooperation and dialogue to address shared concerns and ensure sustainable management of transboundary rivers. Both India and Bangladesh are likely to continue seeking greater transparency and engagement with China on this critical issue.
