A covert division within Pakistan’s premier intelligence outfit, the Inter‑Services Intelligence (ISI), operating under the codename “S1” or “Subversion 1”, has been identified by Indian intelligence sources as a central node in decades-long terror operations directed at India.
According to investigative reports, S1 has been active for more than 25 years, stretching its reach from the 1993 Mumbai blasts through to recent attacks on tourists in Pahalgam, Jammu & Kashmir.
The unit is said to be headquartered in Islamabad and to receive major funding via narcotics-trafficking and illicit networks.
At its helm is reported a Pakistan Army colonel, supported by two senior operatives codenamed ‘Gazi 1’ and ‘Gazi 2’, who allegedly manage active operations.
The unit’s operational profile is deeply entrenched: trainers from S1 reportedly conduct bomb-making and improvised-explosive-device (IED) training, handle small arms instruction, and maintain extensive cartographic intelligence of Indian terrain.
S1’s influence spreads across multiple militant groups: intelligence inputs say its trainers have been embedded in camps of organisations such as Jaish‑e‑Mohammed (JeM), Lashkar‑e‑Taiba (LeT), and Hizbul Mujahideen, often disguising themselves with long beards and regional attire so that the militant recruits do not realise they are being instructed by ISI operatives.
Despite its longevity, Indian agencies reportedly only recently unearthed the full structure and scale of S1’s operations.
The unit’s secrecy is such that many militant groups allegedly remain unaware of the true identity of their trainers.
In light of these revelations, investigators say the time has come for a concerted focus on tracking the financial flows, narcotics links, and cross-border networks that empower S1 — lest these covert operations continue to destabilise peace across regions.
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